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Coca/Drug Interactions:- AlcoholAlcohol: According to a review, cocaine abuse elicited arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and even sudden cardiac death, especially in young male patients, with concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol (50). Based on human and animal evidence, cotreatment with ethanol and cocaine produced hypothermia and cardiovascular toxicity greater than that produced by either drug alone, and alcohol potentiated cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity (51; 52).
- AnestheticsAnesthetics: According to a review (31) and rat research (98), cocaine has demonstrated anesthetic effects.
- AnticholinergicsAnticholinergics: Based on in vitro evidence, the coca plant is a cholinesterase inhibitor (48). Theoretically, anticholinergics may antagonize the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. In animal research, high doses of cocaine demonstrated antimuscarinic effects (49).
- AntidiabeticsAntidiabetics: In human and animal research, coca has been shown to raise glucose levels (21; 22; 16; 17; 18).
- AntihypertensivesAntihypertensives: In animal and human research, cocaine or coca leaf administration has been shown to increase blood pressure (21; 53; 16; 54; 18; 20).
- Antiobesity agentsAntiobesity agents: In animal research, cocaine and its derivatives have demonstrated weight loss effects (87; 99; 100; 101).
- Calcium saltsCalcium salts: Based on a dietary survey, coca is a source of dietary calcium (32).
- CannabinoidsCannabinoids: In mouse research, coadministration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol counteracted cocaine's inhibitory effects on immune responses (102).
- Cholinesterase inhibitorsCholinesterase inhibitors: Based on in vitro evidence, the coca plant is a cholinesterase inhibitor (48).
- CNS stimulantsCNS stimulants: Based on animal evidence, pretreatment with amphetamine modified the effect of cocaine, and vice versa (103). Cross-reverse-tolerance may develop between cocaine and amphetamine. Theoretically, an additive effect may occur as well.
- Iron saltsIron salts: In laboratory research, coca tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (104). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
- ProgestinsProgestins: In humans, coca-leaf chewing affected salivary progesterone assays (97). Chewing coca produced false salivary progesterone values that mimicked luteal phase values.
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Coca/Herb/Supplement Interactions:- AlcoholAlcohol: According to a review, cocaine abuse elicited arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and even sudden cardiac death, especially in young male patients, with concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol (50). Based on human and animal evidence, cotreatment with ethanol and cocaine produced hypothermia and cardiovascular toxicity greater than that produced by either drug alone, and alcohol potentiated cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity (51; 52).
- AnestheticsAnesthetics: According to a review (31) and rat research (98), cocaine has demonstrated anesthetic effects.
- AnticholinergicsAnticholinergics: Based on in vitro evidence, the coca plant is a cholinesterase inhibitor (48). Theoretically, anticholinergics may antagonize the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. In animal research, high doses of cocaine demonstrated antimuscarinic effects (49).
- Antiobesity agentsAntiobesity agents: In animal research, cocaine and its derivatives have demonstrated weight loss effects (87; 99; 100; 101).
- Calcium saltsCalcium salts: Based on a dietary survey, coca is a source of dietary calcium (32).
- CannabinoidsCannabinoids: In mouse research, coadministration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol counteracted cocaine's inhibitory effects on immune responses (102).
- CholinergicsCholinergics: Based on in vitro evidence, the coca plant is a cholinesterase inhibitor (48). Theoretically, anticholinergics may antagonize the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. In animal research, high doses of cocaine demonstrated antimuscarinic effects (49).
- CopperCopper: In laboratory research, coca tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (104). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
- Hypertensives/HypotensivesHypertensives/Hypotensives: In animal and human research, cocaine or coca leaf administration has been shown to increase blood pressure (21; 53; 16; 54; 18; 20).
- HypoglycemicsHypoglycemics: In human and animal research, coca has been shown to raise glucose levels (21; 22; 16; 17; 18).
- Insect repellantsInsect repellants: In a study using Manduca sexta larvae, cocaine demonstrated pesticide effects (105).
- Iron saltsIron salts: In laboratory research, coca tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (104). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
- PhytoprogestinsPhytoprogestins: In humans, coca-leaf chewing affected salivary progesterone assays (97). Chewing coca produced false salivary progesterone values that mimicked luteal phase values.
- StimulantsStimulants: Based on animal evidence, pretreatment with stimulants modified the effect of cocaine, and vice versa (103). Cross-reverse-tolerance may develop between cocaine and stimulants.
- TanninsTannins: In laboratory research, coca tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (104). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper. Theoretically, coca may have additive effects with other tannin-containing herbs or supplements.
- TobaccoTobacco: According to a review, cocaine abuse elicited arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and even sudden cardiac death, especially in young male patients, with concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol (50).
- ZincZinc: In laboratory research, coca tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (104). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
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Coca/Food Interactions:- AlcoholAlcohol: According to a review, cocaine abuse elicited arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and even sudden cardiac death, especially in young male patients, with concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol (50). Based on human and animal evidence, cotreatment with ethanol and cocaine produced hypothermia and cardiovascular toxicity greater than that produced by either drug alone, and alcohol potentiated cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity (51; 52).
- CalciumCalcium: Based on a dietary survey, coca is a source of dietary calcium (32).
- CopperCopper: In laboratory research, coca tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (104). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
- IronIron: In laboratory research, coca tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (104). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
- Tannin-containing foodsTannin-containing foods: In laboratory research, coca tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (104). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper. Theoretically, coca may have additive effects with other tannin-containing foods.
- ZincZinc: In laboratory research, coca tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (104). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
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Coca/Lab Interactions:- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): In humans, chewing coca reduced plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (54).
- Blood glucoseBlood glucose: In human and animal research, coca has been shown to raise glucose levels (21; 22; 16; 17; 18).
- Blood pressureBlood pressure: In animal and human research, cocaine or coca leaf administration has been shown to increase blood pressure (21; 53; 16; 54; 18; 20).
- Blood volumeBlood volume: Based on human evidence, chewing coca leaves at rest may decrease blood volume (53).
- Cocaine drug screen (urine)Cocaine drug screen (urine): Based on human evidence, consumption of tea made from coca leaves may result in a positive urine assay for benzoylecgonine, the diagnostic metabolite of cocaine (106; 107; 108).
- Copper levelsCopper levels: In laboratory research, coca tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (104). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
- Electroencephalogram (EEG)Electroencephalogram (EEG): In animal research, cocaine induced long-term changes in spontaneous EEG (86).
- Free fatty acid levelsFree fatty acid levels: In humans, coca chewers had a statistically significant increase in free fatty acid levels, from 0.080 ± 0.027 before chewing coca to 0.20. ± 0.039 after chewing (18).
- Heart rateHeart rate: In animal research, cocaine induced long-term changes in heart rates (86). In further animal research, intravenous administration of nonalkaloid fractions of coca reduced heart rate (21). In humans, chewing coca leaves increased heart rate (54; 53).
- HematocritHematocrit: Based on human evidence, chewing coca leaves at rest may increase hematocrit (53).
- HemoglobinHemoglobin: Based on human evidence, chewing coca leaves at rest may increase hemoglobin (53).
- Iron levelsIron levels: In laboratory research, coca tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (104). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
- Liver function testsLiver function tests: Intraperitoneal administration of cocaine in mice decreased liver adenosine triphosphate levels and increased alanine aminotransferase activity (64).
- NorepinephrineNorepinephrine: Based on human evidence, chewing coca leaves at rest may increase plasma norepinephrine (54; 53).
- Plasma volumePlasma volume: Based on human evidence, coca chewing may induce a significant increase in hemoconcentration by decreasing plasma volume (54; 53).
- Respiratory rateRespiratory rate: In animal research, cocaine induced long-term changes in respiratory rates (86). In further animal research, nonalkaloid fractions of coca did not induce changes in respiratory rate and tidal or minute volumes (21).
- Salivary progesteroneSalivary progesterone: Based on human evidence, coca chewing may produce false salivary progesterone values that mimic luteal phase values (97).
- UrinalysisUrinalysis: In human research, urine assays were positive for benzoylecgonine after ingesting coca leaf tea (109; 106; 107).
- Zinc levelsZinc levels: In laboratory research, coca tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid. Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
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Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (www.naturalstandard.com)
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The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.
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